Metabolism Disorders

• Hypothyroidism: Slows body process and causes fatigue, slow heart rate, execcive weight gain. This can be treated.
• Phenylketonuria: A defect in the enzyme that breaks down the amino acid. This acid is necessary for normal growth in infants.
• Type 1 diabetes: Occurs when the pancreas doesn´t produce and secrete enough insulin.
• Type 2 diabetes: Happens when teh body can´t respond normally to insulin.

Summarize of our metabolism

Ingestion: eating

Digestion: enzymes will help to break down the macromolecules by hydrolisis.

°Polysacharides to sugars

°Proteins to sugar

°Fats to fatty acids and glycerol

°Nucleic acids to nucleotides

Absorption: cells absorb the smaller molecules and transport them into the body.

Catabolism and anabolism

Metabolism is usually divided into two categories.

Catabolism is the set of metabolic processes that break down large molecules. These include breaking down and oxidising food molecules. The purpose of the catabolic reactions is to provide the energy and components needed by anabolic reactions.

Macromolecules such as starch, cellulose or proteins cannot be rapidly taken up by cells and need to be broken into their smaller units before they can be used in cell metabolism. Several common classes of enzymes digest these polymers. These digestive enzymes include proteases that digest proteins into amino acids, as well as glycoside hydrolases that digest polysaccharides into monosaccharides.

Carbohydrate catabolism is the breakdown of carbohydrates into smaller units. Carbohydrates are usually taken into cells once they have been digested into monosaccharides.

The following picture shows hoe proteins, polysacharides and fats are broken down into smaller particles so they can be absorb or transform.

Anabolism is the set of constructive metabolic processes where the energy released by catabolism is used to synthesize complex molecules. The complex molecules that make up cellular structures are constructed step-by-step from small and simple precursors.

Anabolism involves three basic stages. Firstly, the production of precursors such as amino acids, monosaccharides, isoprenoids and nucleotides, secondly, their activation into reactive forms using energy from ATP, and thirdly, the assembly of these precursors into complex molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and nucleic acids.

Organisms differ in how many of the molecules in their cells they can construct for themselves.

In carbohydrate anabolism, simple organic acids can be converted into monosaccharides such as glucose and then used to assemble polysaccharides such as starch.

Fatty acids are made by fatty acid synthases that polymerize and then reduce acetyl-CoA units. The acyl chains in the fatty acids are extended by a cycle of reactions that add the actyl group, reduce it to an alcohol, dehydrate it to an alkene group and then reduce it again to an alkane group.

Organisms vary in their ability to synthesize the 20 common amino acids, mammals can synthesize only eleven nonessential amino acids, nine essential amino acids must be obtained from food. All amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the pentose phosphate pathway.
Amino acids are made into proteins by being joined together in a chain by peptide bonds.

Nucleotides are made from amino acids, carbon dioxide and formic acid in pathways that require large amounts of metabolic energy.

metabolism

This pictures shows how we can obtain the biomolecules that are necessary to produce energy in our body, it also shows the different ways our metabolism functions, (catabolism and anabolism).

Metabolism is a constant process that begins when we are conceived and ends when we die. It is a vital process for all life forms, not just humans. Living organisms must accomplish to major functions in order to survive: they have to extract energy from nutrients in forms that they can use immediately or in the future, they have to use nutrients to make building blocks for synthesizing all of the molecules needed to carry out their life functions. If metabolism stops a living thing dies.

METABOLISM


FAST SLOW



It depends in the use of energy in food if it is fast or slow.

It is measured in calories.

The number of calories needed each day varies from person to person and depends on body, mass, age, sex and level of activity. In general males need more calories than females.

If you eat fewer calories than your body can metabolize, you will use some of the energy stored in body fat and lose weigth.

If you eat more calories than your body can metabolize, you will store the extra energy as body fat and gain weight.

Active people need more calories than inactive.